What is dyslexia primarily characterized by?

Dyslexia is primarily characterized by difficulties with reading and writing that stem from challenges in processing the sounds of language. It is a specific learning disability that affects an individual's ability to decode written words and often results in struggles with spelling and reading fluency. This condition is not indicative of a person's overall intelligence; many individuals with dyslexia have average or above-average intelligence but face obstacles in literacy due to the phonological processing deficits inherent to dyslexia.

The other options do not accurately describe dyslexia. For instance, the second option refers to a type of seizure, which is unrelated to dyslexia's core characteristics. The third option discusses a cognitive assessment tool, while the fourth option refers to an intelligence test for adolescents, none of which pertain to the specific difficulties associated with dyslexia. The correct choice captures the essence of dyslexia as a learning disability impacting reading and writing abilities.