What does orthography refer to?

Orthography pertains to the conventional spelling system of a language. This includes the rules and standards that govern how words are spelled, which can vary significantly from one language to another. Understanding orthography is essential for effective communication in writing, as it provides the guidelines that help ensure clarity and comprehension among readers.

For instance, in English, orthography involves knowing that certain sounds are represented by specific letters or combinations of letters (like 'ph' representing the /f/ sound in 'phone'). This understanding is crucial for emerging writers and learners to develop their reading and writing skills accurately.

The other choices address different linguistic components; the sounds of spoken language relate to phonetics and phonology, the grammatical structure of sentences pertains to syntax, and the study of literature encompasses a broader examination of written works rather than the mechanics of spelling.