What age range does the formal operational stage cover in Piaget’s theory?

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the formal operational stage spans adolescence through adulthood, typically beginning around the age of 11 or 12 and continuing into the adult years. During this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and plan systematically for the future. They can tackle complex hypothetical situations and understand various viewpoints, which allows for more sophisticated problem-solving skills and the ability to engage in deductive reasoning.

This stage represents a significant cognitive advancement from earlier stages, particularly the concrete operational stage, which involves thinking more rigidly tied to concrete objects and experiences. Understanding this allows educators and caregivers to tailor their approaches to learning and cognitive development, aligning with the capabilities of individuals within this age range.