In which system do factors like gender and race belong in ecological theory?

In ecological theory, especially as proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, the macrosystem encompasses the broader societal and cultural context in which individuals develop. This level of the ecological model includes overarching factors such as laws, cultural practices, social norms, and ideologies that shape individual experiences. Gender and race are key elements of societal structure that influence a person's opportunities, interactions, and identity.

The macrosystem is specifically concerned with the patterns and interactions in society that lead to systemic inequalities and cultural differences, which is why this answer is the most appropriate for the question. It captures how these societal constructs affect individuals' lives and behaviors within various contexts, supporting a comprehensive understanding of human development within the framework of ecological theory.